The degradation of our coastal ecosystem services

Two media articles caught my eye yesterday. And none of them were from News International!

The first article from the Independent on the limits of domestic fish stocks to meet demand makes some interesting points about consumption of seafood in the UK and Europe and the capacity of marine ecosystems to meet that demand. It states that July 16 is 'Fish Dependence Day' - the point where if we relied solely on UK stocks, supply would run out. Of course, we do not rely solely on UK stocks, we are dependant on EU and international imports to meet demand as well as increases in aquaculture. The Fish Site lists the dates that other EU members would became dependent on fish imports as follows: Portugal, 26 April; Germany, 27 April; Italy, 30 April; Spain, eight May; France, 13 June; and the UK, 16 July.

The message is this: Our currently exploited marine systems and stocks cannot supply the demand for seafood across the EU. Essentially the EU is exporting overfishing to other places around the globe to meet this supply and driving aquaculture development. There are 2 responses to this problem: reduce demand for seafood, likely by increasing prices or changing eating habits; or boost the capacity for supply. Boosting supply will come either from increasing aquaculture (which carries it's own environmental issues and is limited in it's capacity to expand) or from natural systems. Marine systems and capture fisheries, are already at full capacity, and in many cases are   stretched to breaking point. For example see this article in the recent Sydney Morning Herald on outbreaks if jellyfish. This issue is symptomatic of the degradation of ecosystem services by climate change, coastal pollution and overfishing. If we are to avoid the ecological collapse of coastal and marine systems and restore them to formerly productive states then bold and concrete steps are needed. Managing supply and demand is  an important part of the response - from the fish that we buy and eat through to large scale restoration of marine systems. There will be painful and controversial choices, but it is critical that we look at the long game.

United by Blue - a company making a difference

Marine litter is a massive problem along our coastline and in our seas. As a society, we struggle to deal with the source of the problem and tend to treat the symptoms - the litter that washes up onshore. As we continue to work up solutions to this problem across govenrment, society and business, innovative ideas are emerging. One such approach is a novel, important and inspiring contribution by a business called United by Blue.


United by Blue is a clothing and apparel company that is committed to making a difference to our seas. Recently Sustainable Seas chatted to Brian Linton and Alexa Ahrem from United by Blue, and discovered a business approach that not only talks about saving the seas, but actually doing something about it. It is a refreshing approach in this day and age where a lot of companies push the 'green' mantra, but actually do little on the ground to support conservation. This company is clearly different....below we find out why...

1. Tell me about United by blue? What is the vision? How did the business come about? 

United By Blue is a brand of apparel and accessories, that for every 1 product sold, we remove 1 pound of trash from our world's oceans and waterways through company organized cleanups. UBB was built on the premise that business has the power to do a tremendous amount of good, however most of the time businesses ignore this power, and instead, leave a negative impact on the world.  Our core purpose is to use the power of business, education, and environmental action to save our oceans and waterways from pollution.  The UBB brand is just about one year old.  The business came about because I had been running another brand called Sand Shack (still running as well) with the premise of donating 5% of the brands proceeds to ocean conservation efforts. I realized the limitations of financial donations and wanted to do something more...something concrete and powerful.  By establishing UBB, we have created the systems within the company to accomplish the good that most other for-profit ventures would "outsource" to non-profits to accomplish for them.  By keeping things internal and building the structures and company culture around the issue of waterway and ocean pollution, we are creating a truly sustainable business model that as it grows, so too does the positive impact we can have on our environment.

2. What do you think are the challenges for a business operating with an environmental ethic? Why did you go in this direction? 

The challenges of operating with an environmental ethic are varied.  First of all, with an influx in green businesses, it has become a shouting match to get noticed.  There are many companies that tout green claims, but in reality are not as green as they say they are.  That's why we ignore the whole green claim altogether (we are blue, after all).  We strive to create products that are mainstream enough to be sold in stores as diverse as Urban Outfitters, Dillards, and Whole Foods. Our hope is that someone would buy a UBB product whether or not we removed a pound of trash from the oceans.  Many businesses with an environmental ethic become far too niche to accomplish a significant amount of good...we are working hard not to fall into that trap, while at the same time, preserving our ethics in the DNA of the company, so that we will never lose the essence of the brand.

3. What do you think are the key issues facing the oceans in your region and globally? 

The oceans are in trouble, and it is extremely sad.  There are numerous problems that they face, such as: overfishing, ocean acidification, coral reef destruction, etc... But as a company with a concrete focus on ocean pollution, we like to always put emphasis on how grave this problem is.  The sheer amount of plastic that makes its way into the oceans every year is staggering.  14 billion pounds of trash are dumped into the ocean every year, and much of this is plastic, which takes hundreds of years to break down.  Even as it breaks down, it just turns into smaller and smaller pieces which have the potential to make its way into the food chain, essentially poisoning those that consume it.  If we don't stop allowing trash to get into the ocean, our oceans will literally turn into a wasteland.  Plastics and marine eco-systems just don't mix.  At UBB, we realize that we are just a band-aid to an enormous problem. Heck, we aren't even a band-aid, we are smaller than that; because no matter how many cleanups we do, we will never be able to remove all the trash that is being put into the oceans every year. That's why education is so important, and it is embedded in our core purpose.

4. When and how did your personal awareness of marine conservation begin? How has your awareness evolved? 

My awareness of marine conservation began while growing up in Singapore. Singapore is one of the cleanest countries in the world...but only on the land. The shipping lanes that lay just off Singapore's coast make it so that the ocean is highly polluted. When I learned how to scuba dive off of Singapore, it was a truly sad sight. Other than a few fish, there was nothing around you; you couldn't even see your hand if you held it out in front of you.  This experience, coupled with travels to over 30 countries around the world, made me realize how integral and important the oceans are to life, and just how poorly we have treated them.  We are land-dwelling species and tend to forget about the oceans. 

5. How do you think we should engage the public around issues of coastal and marine sustainability? How do we sell the message? 

This is very difficult.  There is no overnight way to raise awareness about just how important marine and coastal conservation is.  My solution to engaging the public is to create a company with an interesting story, be a huge success, and effectively become the vehicle that raises awareness for these problems.  By becoming a mainstream brand sold in stores across the world, we have the opportunity to use that platform to educate those who interact with our product (or cleanups).  In this sense, distributing the message of ocean conservation goes hand in hand with the distribution of our sustainable apparel.  As a for-profit company we are able to use these business channels to reach people that non-profits or individuals would have difficulty reaching on the same scale.

6. Can you expand on how your 'litter reduction strategy' works? Can the customer be assured that the target is being met? 

In order to meet our promise of removing 1 pound of trash for every 1 product sold, we keep detailed records of our sales and the trash our cleanups have removed.  The sale of a product is what funds our ongoing efforts to organize and conduct cleanups.  Currently, we create a video of each and every cleanup we host and post them to our youtube channel (youtube.com/unitedbyblue).  We try to implement transparency into everything we do so that people can see that their purchases are indeed allowing us to continue our work.  On May 1st we are launching a new website that will allow online customers to apply their purchase to a specific upcoming cleanup.  All of our cleanups will be listed along with the amount of purchases needed to "fund" them.  As people apply their purchases to a cleanup, a bar graph shows the progress. Once a cleanup is "funded", it is carried out, and all those who applied purchases towards that particular cleanup are sent an email with video and pictures so that they can see the impact their purchase enabled.  We are really excited about this. Check unitedbyblue.com around May 1st to see it.

7. How do you incorporate other marine issues within the United by Blue? What would you like to do in the future? 

There are many marine issues; however, we believe that we are able to accomplish the most good by focusing on one issue for right now.  Ways we subtly incorporate other issues are through our designs...for instance, we have a shirt that will be in stores this summer that is a montage of shark fins, symbolizing the problem of shark finning (for shark fin soup).

8. In your experience, what is the broader role of business in supporting and driving marine conservation and sustainability in general?

All businesses have the ability to support marine conservation, whether they know it or not.  Healthy oceans are not only important to those who live around them, but the entire world. All businesses should be working to lower their carbon footprint since ocean acidification is a huge issue, and is largely due to business activities such as manufacturing, shipping, IT, and just about everything.  Businesses should more actively look for alternatives to petroleum based materials...in particular, single- use plastics that are used for packaging and wrapping products (for instance, all UBB products now come in banana-fiber paper bags, as opposed to industry standard poly-bags made of plastic). 

New research on Eco-labelling and Certification

Over the past decade,  the Marine Stewardship Council has moved from the periphery to the centre of fisheries management and debate globally and in the UK. Through its eco-labelling initiative, the MSC has made improvements in fisheries practice and has raised the profile and the implementation of the ecosystem approach. However, despite these successes, the credibility of the MSC is under challenge over some of the fisheries it assesses and runs the risk of certifying ‘sustainable fisheries within degraded ecosystems’.

In the public sphere, a ‘fragile optimism’ for MSC eco-labelled products exists alongside an engaged but increasingly competitive and conflict-ridden industry that is split over management actions and maintaining the resource. The role of the MSC in this dynamic will be increasingly important for improving fisheries sustainability and marine conservation - but is an approach that is increasingly controversial.

Dr Tavis Potts from The Scottish Association for Marine Science explores these issues in depth in the following report.

LINK TO THE REPORT

The Chagos declaration and UK High Level Marine Objectives

Governments like to talk about marine sustainability. It’s a process we all support, in particular the idea of setting clear objectives and principles that outline our approach to oceans governance. But what happens when we apply these principles to the actual processes, 'on the ground'?

Recently the Foreign and Commonwealth Office declared, a no-take marine protected area in the Chagos archipelago, in the heart of the Indian Ocean (called the British Indian Ocean Territory). This move received support and condemnation. Support has come from primarily the conservation sector that has endorsed the principle of establishing a no take zone in the unspoilt and pristine Chagos region. Condemnation has arisen due to the fact that the FCO decision has principally ignored the human rights issue at the centre of the debate – that a native population was forcibly removed from Chagos, and to this day, wishes to return, but is repeatedly blocked by the UK government, partially due to geopolitical interests that revolve around a US airbase that is present on the main island, Diego Garcia.

In my opinion (one voice among many) the declaration represents several problems: prescriptive neo-green colonialism, a lack of recognition of the human element of marine conservation, ignoring the principles of sustainability that links social and ecological systems, and a fundamental issue of human rights - principles that the UK has supported and endorsed in many fora.

In 2009, the UK released Our Seas A Shared Resource: a series of 'high level objectives' for UK seas. The objectives 'steer Administrations and the public in (joint) achievement of sustainable development in the marine area. In relation to Chagos and other territories, the principles 'underpin the UK approach to negotiation and implementation of European and international marine policy'.

While the declaration satisfies the ecological side of the objectives, it fundamentally ignores several key objectives, agreed by all administrations, concerning social outcomes. They include:

Ensuring a strong, healthy and just society
• The use of the marine environment is benefiting society as a whole, contributing to resilient and cohesive communities that can adapt to coastal erosion and flood risk, as well as contributing to physical and mental wellbeing.
• There is equitable access for those who want to use and enjoy the coast, seas and their wide range of resources and assets and recognition that for some island and peripheral communities the sea plays a significant role in their community.

Promoting good governance
• All those who have a stake in the marine environment have an input into associated decision-making.

The supporting consultation identified that a significant proportion of responses challenged the notion of a no take MPA without discussing the human rights issue at its heart. The final declaration by the FCO however, makes no mention of this issue. The social part has simply been ignored. This has serious ramifications the high level principles....are they just a paper exercise?

On a final note...the Declaration of the Chagos MPA comes at a time when governments are rushing to meet international targets to create linked marine reserves by 2012. One would hate to think this was a cynical exercise in dramatically increasing the size of the 'UK' marine reserve estate, particularly when establishing MPA's around the UK coast is such as difficult and complex exercise. Whatever the case may be, all the High Level Marine Principles should be central to decision making and governance...that is, after all, why they were developed.